Push-pull or open-drain configuration to drive LEDs, relays, or transistors.
Hardware debugging uses Serial Wire Debug (SWD), a two-wire alternative to JTAG. Using an ST-Link V2 programmer, developers can insert code breakpoints, step through firmware line-by-line, and inspect CPU registers or SRAM contents in real-time, eliminating guesswork during troubleshooting. 6. Power Management and Real-Time Systems the stm32f103 arm microcontroller and embedded systems work